New Limu Species Revealed in Hawaiʻi’s Deep Waters

A mixed assemblage of macroalgae from 58 meters (190 feet) depth at Lisianski, Northwestern Hawaiian Island. Photo courtesy of UH Mānoa College of Natural Sciences

A new study on Hawaiian limu reveals that some are only found in deep, dimly lit waters, according to a recent news release from the University of Hawai‘i. Limu, or algae, are photosynthetic protists with a myriad of uses, from food and food additives, to cosmetics, paints, toothpaste and biofuels.

A team of researchers from UH Mānoa, Bishop Museum and the Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife were awarded $792,021 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to describe the new species of limu, or marine algae, from Hawaiʻi’s deep waters. They anticipate the description of more than 60 new species of limu, and many new records for the Hawaiian Archipelago.

“This is one of the most extensive studies of mesophotic (existing in low light) algae to date,” said Alison Sherwood, a UH Mānoa professor in the Department of Botany and principal investigator of the grant. “We have nearly 2,000 specimens of limu collected from 100 to more than 600 feet deep across the entire Hawaiian Archipelago. This will redefine our understanding of limu diversity in Hawaiʻi and will aid understanding of floras across the entire Indo–Pacific.“

New Deep Frontier for Coral Reef Research

Collecting samples in the fields of algae. Photo courtesy of UH Mānoa College of Natural Sciences

These deep limu specimens were collected from mesophotic coral ecosystems, or coral reefs at depths of 30– to 150–plus meters (100– to 500–plus feet). These areas are among the most poorly explored of all marine ecosystems on Earth. Deeper than conventional scuba divers can safely venture and shallower than most submersible–based exploration, these reefs represent a new frontier for coral–reef research.

The limu collections are from the entire 2,590–kilometer (1,600–mile) extent of the Hawaiian Archipelago, from Kure Atoll to the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. Technical divers using closed–circuit rebreathers, open–circuit scuba and the research submersibles Pisces IV and V were used to collect the algae. The collections were supported by NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Coral Reef Conservation Program, Office of Ocean Exploration and Research and the Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory. With the support of the National Science Foundation, the researchers will use a combination of DNA techniques and anatomical studies to describe these new species.

A new species of the red alga Martensia collected from 62 meters (203 feet) at French Frigate Shoals. Photo courtesy of UH Mānoa College of Natural Sciences

“The limu form beds and meadows in this deep, blue water, and some appear to form habitat for fish and invertebrates,” says Heather Spalding, a co–principal investigator on the NSF grant. “These new species aren’t just tiny fuzz on the reef—they’re huge blades of brightly–colored red, brown and green limu. It’s like a garden down there, with new species poking up around every reef. We’re just on the tip of the iceberg in terms of understanding algal diversity in the mesophotic.“

The project will involve a team of undergraduate and graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows. Mary Ade, a Research Experience for Undergraduate student who is working in the Sherwood Lab this summer through the DNA–based Discoveries in Hawaiian Biodiversity project, is one of the first to join the project. Her summer research project will wrap up with the description of several new species of brown algae in the genus Dictyota.

A new species of the brown alga Sporochnus from 96 meters (315 feet) depth at Lisianski, Northwestern Hawaiian Island. Photo courtesy of UHMānoa College of Natural Sciences

From left, PhD student Rachael Wade, PI Heather Spalding, REU student Mary Wade, and PI Alison Sherwood. Photo courtesy of UH Mānoa College of Natural Sciences