Ocean Warming Speeds Up, Hits Warmest Temperatures Ever Recorded

a) Global mean (red) and North Pacific mean (blue) sea surface temperature departures in NOAA dataset from 1854-2013; b) Map of September 2014 sea surface temperature departures from long-term mean.

This summer has seen the highest global mean sea surface temperatures ever recorded since their systematic measuring started, according to University of Hawai‘i researchers.

Temperatures even exceeded those of the record-breaking 1998 El Niño year, according to the analysis of recent climate data by Axel Timmermann, climate scientist and professor, studying variability of the global climate system at the International Pacific Research Center at UH Mānoa.

From 2000-2013 the rise in global ocean surface temperatures paused, in spite of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. This period, referred to as the Global Warming Hiatus, raised much public and scientific interest. However, as of April 2014, ocean warming has picked up speed again, according to Timmermann’s analysis of ocean temperature datasets.

“The 2014 global ocean warming is mostly due to the North Pacific, which has warmed far beyond any recorded value (Figure 1a) and has shifted hurricane tracks, weakened trade winds, and produced coral bleaching in the Hawaiian Islands,” he said.

This view of the seaward edge of Antarctica’s floating Ross Ice Shelf shows a region where the ice is cracking and may produce an iceberg.

Timmermann describes the events leading up to this upswing as follows: Sea surface temperatures started to rise unusually quickly in the extratropical North Pacific already in January 2014. A few months later, in April and May, westerly winds pushed a huge amount of very warm water usually stored in the western Pacific along the equator to the eastern Pacific.

This warm water has spread along the North American Pacific coast, releasing into the atmosphere enormous amounts of heat — heat that had been locked up in the Western tropical Pacific for nearly a decade.

“Record-breaking greenhouse gas concentrations and anomalously weak North Pacific summer trade winds, which usually cool the ocean surface, have contributed further to the rise in sea surface temperatures,” Timmermann said. “The warm temperatures now extend in a wide swath from just north of Papua New Guinea to the Gulf of Alaska (Figure 1b).”

The current record-breaking temperatures indicate that the 14-year-long pause in ocean warming has come to an end, according to Timmermann.